Use of Symbolism in Joseph Hellers Catch-22 Essay example

Use of Symbolism in Joseph Hellers Catch-22 The clerk sneezed three times in rapid succession and looked at me through watery eyes. What did you say your name was? I told him my name and he turned to a towering file cabinet overflowing with papers and brown manila envelopes. After sneezing three times and searching through a drawer, he pulled out a thin folder and laid it on the counter. Ah, he said in a nasal voice laden with condescension and impatience. I see you have no experience in our particular area of expertise. Come back when you get some experience. I explained that I was there to get experience. Well, I dont see how you can find any work with your experience, the clerk groused, peering at me through a pair of†¦show more content†¦He spends extensive time in the squadron hospital with various contrived maladies. He tries acting insane to be grounded and sent home, but in this encounters Catch-22, a shady rule that prevents Yossarian from going home throughout the novel. If Yossarian only asks to be grounded for insanity, he will be. However, showing that he knows he is insane makes him sane, and he will be cleared for the next mission. As his friends die one by one and the insanity and confusion of everyone in the squadron become overwhelming, Yossarian finally decides that Catch-22 does not exist and that the only way to escape is to quit and flee to Sweden. Throughout the novel, Heller uses his characters to symbolize various wrongs found in society that Heller sees. For instance, the insensitivity and dehumanization of the officers shows what Heller perceives as the loss of morality and compassion in the modern world. In what seems to be one of the main themes of the book, the mess officer Milo Minderbender seems to symbolize the military-industrial complex that dominated the Cold War. Following World War II, President Eisenhower coined the term military-industrial complex to describe the relationship between private arms manufacturers, the armed forces and the government. This coalition collaborated to bloat the American military budget in order to make money for the companies. Corruption in the government contributed to allowing this. TheShow MoreRelated`` Catch 22, By Joseph Heller1788 Words   |  8 Pagesdebate of whether soldiers’ lives are being lost for necessary causes. Unlike other war novels, Joseph Heller criticizes the cruel bureaucracy within the military, influenced by his own experiences as a bombardier in World War II. In Heller’s satirical novel, Catch-22, he defines the infuriating, contradictory processes the military uses to run its soldiers’ lives and control their fates through his use of satirical dark humor, literary techniques, structure and various themes. Satire is woven throughoutRead MoreDefying Convention, By Joseph Heller2506 Words   |  11 PagesDefying convention, Joseph Heller in Catch-22 dehumanizes the soldier and introduces the reader to the decay of a grim world structured by bureaucracies. With the amalgamation of incoherent chronology and scattered symbols throughout the novel, he presents his ideas in an absurd manner. His sullen irony mirrors that of society. Rendering mankind’s abilities moot, Heller dismantles language and its significance. The very substance of his work - the mindless symbols, dark satire, and deconstruction

Qualitative Validity and Reliability Qualitative Data Collection Assignment

Essays on Qualitative Validity and Reliability Qualitative Data Collection Assignment The paper "Qualitative Validity and Reliability Qualitative Data Collection" is a wonderful example of an assignment on education. 1. Throughout the article, the authors establish qualitative validity and reliability through the use of a historical perspective which is heavily laden with statistical information. This statistical information and their historical perspective lay a firm foundation for the proper evaluation of the research article on homeless women with preschool children. Additionally, the sampling choices consisting of two groups of different environments ensured that the research was presented with a case that covered all the possible environments, thereby resulting in a more reliable representation of the issue under research (Creswell 2013, pp. 188). This was further augmented through the use of focus groups as a data collection mechanism, which helped ensure reliable data consequently improving the validity and reliability of the research holistically.   2. The qualitative article primarily uses focus groups to collect the data used in the research article. This is whereby the researchers come up with a conducive setting and ensure that the sampled individuals feel safe about giving out as much information about the topic as possible (Averitt 2003, pp. 85). The safety and confidentiality associated with such focus groups ensure that the data is as reliable and valid as possible. Moreover, the researcher gets to interact with the sample in such a way that he/she experiences the effects of homelessness in the context that it is presented. Women for the focus groups were selected from the two identified shelters based on their adherence to criteria that filtered them based on having at least one preschool child. These sessions are then recorded, and this is what constitutes the data collection mechanism for qualitative research.

John Hick and Pluralism free essay sample

John Hick was born in 1922 in England to a middle class family. He developed an interest in philosophy and religion in his teens, being encouraged by his uncle, who was an author and teacher at  Manchester University. Hick initially pursued a  law degree  at  Hull University, but converted to  Evangelical Christianity  from the fundamentalist Christian beliefs with which he was raised, and decided to change his career and enrolled at the  University of Edinburgh  in 1941. During his studies, he became liable for military service in  World War II, but as a  conscientious objector  on moral grounds, enrolled in the  Friends Ambulance Unit. After the war, he returned to Edinburgh and became attracted to the philosophy of  Immanuel Kant, and began to question his fundamentalism. In 1948, he completed his MA dissertation, which formed the basis of his book  Faith and Knowledge (Peters). He went on to earn a Doctorate in Philosophy from  Oxford University  in 1950 and a Doctorate in Literature from Edinburgh in 1975. In 1953, he married Joan Hazel Bowers, and the couple had three children. After many years as a member of the United Reformed Church, in October 2009 he was accepted into membership of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. Hick has twice been the subject of heresy proceedings. In 1961-1962, when he was teaching at Princeton Theological Seminary, he sought, as a Presbyterian minister, to join the local Presbytery of New Brunswick. He was asked whether he took exception to anything in the Westminster Confession of 1647 and answered that several points were open to question; for example, he was agnostic on the historical truth of the Virgin Birth and did not regard it as an essential item of Christian faith. Because of this, some of the local ministers appealed against his reception into the Presbytery. Their appeal was sustained by the Synod. A year later, a counter-appeal was sustained by the Judicial Committee of the General Assembly, and Hick became a member of the Presbytery (Furlong). In the mid-1980s, when teaching at the  Claremont Graduate University  in California, Hick sought to join the local Presbytery of San Gabriel. His application was strongly opposed by certain local ministers. After long discussion, the relevant committee told him that his application would be extremely divisive and invited him to withdraw it, which he did (Furlong). John Hick is often cited as one of the most—if not simply the most—significant philosopher of religion in the twentieth century (Cramer). His contributions to this field have been so substantial that they easily spill immense implications over into related fields. Clearly, Hick’s work has such implications for theology. Hick challenges theologians to transform Christian Religion to address effectively the modern world, which is now undoubtedly pluralistic. He both criticizes what he considers outmoded Christian in light of recent developments in religious epistemology, while simultaneously suggesting new possibilities for the enrichment of Christian experience as religious experience. While some of these suggestions are certainly open to debate, it is nonetheless certain that Hick, like Columbus, has discovered the new world—a new pluralistic world—which all future theology must take into account (although it is clear that, despite this recent discovery, the Indians—though this time the  real  Indians—have long since beaten us here as well). In light of his Kantian influences, Hick claims that knowledge of the Real (his generic term for Transcendent Reality) can only be known as it is being perceived. For that reason, absolute truth claims about God (to use Christian language) are really truth claims about perceptions of God; that is, claims about the phenomenal God and not the noumenal God. Furthermore, because all knowledge is rooted in experience, which is then perceived and interpreted into human categories of conception, cultural and historical contexts that inevitably influence human perception are necessarily components of knowledge of the Real. This means that knowledge of God and religious truth claims pertaining thereof are culturally and historically influenced; and for that reason should not be considered absolute. This is a significant aspect of Hicks argument against Christian  exclusivism, which holds that although other religions might contain partial goodness and truth,  salvation  is provided only in  Jesus  Christ, and the complete truth of God is contained only in Christianity (Hick, Christ. Theo. ). Perhaps the simplest manner in which to understand Hicks theory of pluralism of religions is to share the comparison he makes between his own understanding of religion and the Copernican view of our solar system. Before Copernicus disseminated his views of the solar centered universe, the Ptolemaic system ruled in which the stars were painted in the sky, the earth was flat, and the sun rose and set around the earth. In short, the rest of the universe existed for and was centered on our little planet. On the other hand, Copernicus asserted that the earth and other planets as well, circled the sun, which in fact, did not move, but only appeared to move due to the revolution of our planet. Copernicus introduced our world to the understanding that other planets took similar paths around the sun; while each path differed, all served the same purpose and generated the same result: every planet makes a full path around our central star, and those revolutions create day and night for each planet, just as day and night occur on earth. Although the time frames for a full trip around the sun and for a full day-night cycle, differs on a planet-by-planet basis, the concept remains constant throughout our solar system (Hick, Christ. Theo. ). Similarly, Hick draws the metaphor that the Ptolemaic view of religion would be that Christianity is the only way to true salvation and knowledge of the one true God. Ptolemaic Christianity would assert that everything exists and all of history has played out in specific patterns for the glory of the Christian God, and there is no other possibility that will lead to salvation. Hick appears as Copernicus, offering the belief that perhaps all theistic religions are focused toward the one true God, and simply take different paths to achieve the same goal (Hick, God Univ. f Faith). A speaker on religious pluralism, Keith E. Johnson, compares Hicks pluralistic theology to a tale of three blind men attempting to describe an elephant, one touching the leg, the second touching the trunk, the third feeling the elephants side. Each man describes the elephant differently, and, although each is accurate, each is convinced of their own correctness and the mistakenness of the other two. Robert Sm id  states that Hick believes that the tenets of Christianity are no longer feasible in the present age, and must be effectively lowered'. Moreover, Mark Mann notes that Hick argues that there have been people throughout history who have been exemplars of the Real (Mann). Hicks position is â€Å"not an exclusively Christian inclusivism [like that of Karl Rahner and his ‘Anonymous Christian’], but a plurality of mutually inclusive inclusivism†Ã‚  (Hick, 23). Hick contends that the diverse religious expressions (religions) are the result of diverse historically and culturally influenced responses to diverse perceptions of the Real. He states that the different religious traditions, with heir complex internal differentiations, have developed to meet the needs of the range of mentalities expressed in the different human cultures. Criticism of Hicks theory comes from many places but in essence, they offer the same major critiques. A major concern is Hicks concept of the Real. If this is the center of the universe and also unknowable, are we not just worshipping an idol when we follow the path of Christi anity, Buddhism or Islam? Another issue is Hicks Christology in which he says that the incarnation is just a myth made up by the early Church and that Jesus is not divine in any way. I can see his point from a scientific standpoint and can agree to a point. Hicks hypothesis also does not take seriously the otherness of the major religions; how can monotheistic and polytheistic or primitive and highly developed religions all be lumped together? Although there is much within the religions that are similar, some things are contradictory and Hick does not give an adequate explanation for why these things are so if there is the same God behind it all. Although Hicks model is perhaps appealing to our post-modern sensibilities that wish to condemn no one, his theory still raises too many questions for many Christians to accept it in full. The person and work of Jesus Christ is central to the Christian faith and for Hick to devalue the divinity of Jesus so much is to perhaps move Christianity away from its very core. As such, Hick offers a view that can challenge our exclusive positions but that perhaps is not much use in our debate about religious pluralism. We live in a pluralistic world with regard to religious beliefs. This is all the more evident today with globalization and greater mobility of people and ideas. This raises the question of what is the relationship between the major world religions and more specifically how Christianity relates to the other major faiths. The traditional exclusivist position is not that helpful for our discussion because it is offensive and does not take seriously the goodness in the other religions. The pluralist position, while challenging is also not that helpful because it does not take the otherness of religions seriously and it also discounts the centrality of Christ. The inclusivist position, while far from perfect offers an alternative middle ground that affirms the centrality of Christ in salvation. This position also takes the other religions seriously and can serve as an appropriate model for which to base Christian interaction with the world. This interaction can take the form of hospitality, dialogue and mission from joy both at the micro and macro level.

My Experience Essays (617 words) - ITunes, Smartphones, IOS

I want to design the worlds most advanced computer software and the way I wanna do it is my way. I believe that I will one day be the best and most advanced system out there. When I was a young boy I first learned about computers from my mom and dad. They had a old windows 98 computer and oh boy was that computer slow. When I was about 9 years old I got this dream that I was gonna create the most advanced operating system for a computer and that?s still my dream today. When I got my first computer I was 14 it was a Windows XP computer and that is when I really wanted to learn to manipulate the system to make it the way I wanted because I didn?t like they way windows operated. When I was 16 I started learning how to manipulate windows, as I was almost done learning my dad bought me an iMac and I loved the mac operating system and I have stayed Mac because Windows is so broken and hard to figure out but Mac is easy to understand and to teach to people the mechanics of the operating system. When I was 16 I was able to teach people how to use Mac OS and to customize it to there liking and whatever other things they want. I got my first iPhone and loved it, it was the best phone out in my opinion. It had the first developed apps and the first facebook app. Then android came out and I found the phone I wanted it was the HTC Droid Eris. So when my contract was up with AT&T, I got Verizon and bought the Droid and that opened up a whole new world of hacking/breaking for me. I had one of my good friends Jon Sakura teach me how to break the android software and I finally did it myself. With the break I could change colors, sounds, and a whole bunch of other things. I have come to this conclusion that android is tedious and requires a lot of work to keep the break going or the phone gets to be really slow and eventually stops working.When I was 17 I got my first iPod, I started reading about hacking/breaking the operating system on the iPod to make it yours. So I read up and practiced it and bricked (crashed the operating system which makes them useless) a couple iPods. I gave up for a while and decided that maybe computers is what I was meant to do. To me computers are the easiest thing out there, some people think cars are easy or math but to me computers are. When I was 18 I got a brand new smartphone and I couldn't wait to break the system and make it mine. I didn?t know that all the smartphone manufactures put a block on there system and made it almos t impossible to break the system. So I tried and tried and it just wouldn't work and I started breaking my way and got rid of the block completely and that is what is making me go to college is to be a programmer and find out what all goes into making a system complete and how people break them. Now Im 19 and I have my iPhone and I have officially jailbroken over 50 iPods and 23 iPhones and I will be taking my programming class and be that much closer to my degree in what I love doing. Within my friends I have been dubbed the hacker and that is now what my friends call me.

7 Solutions for Sentences with Problematic Parallels

7 Solutions for Sentences with Problematic Parallels 7 Solutions for Sentences with Problematic Parallels 7 Solutions for Sentences with Problematic Parallels By Mark Nichol 1. â€Å"The street is lined with boisterous sports bars, nail salons, and clothing boutiques. Some neighborhood, where nail salons and clothing boutiques can be described as boisterous. Do I misunderstand? I do, because when only the first of several items in a list is given an adjective, it is easily confused as applying to each item in the list. Either omit the adjective, or play fair and supply each item with its own: â€Å"The street is lined with elegant nail salons, trendy clothing boutiques, and boisterous sports bars.† 2. â€Å"The process would be confidential, voluntary, and the information would remain the property of the teachers.† The same rule applies for verbs. Either use a verb to apply to all items in a list, or attach a verb to each item. Or, in this case, combine the first two items into a combined item: â€Å"The process would be confidential and voluntary, and the information would remain the property of the teachers.† 3. â€Å"The so-called beer summit was photographed, discussed, and dissected on blogs, newscasts, and in barbershops and bars nationwide.† Let’s not forget prepositions. In a list, one preposition carries each item, or each has its own; there’s no middle ground: â€Å"The so-called beer summit was photographed, discussed, and dissected on blogs, during newscasts, and in barbershops and bars nationwide.† (For variety, try to use a different preposition for each item.) 4. â€Å"It would be safer to keep our bushy tree trimmed so that no would-be burglar could hide under it and buy a locked mailbox to help prevent identity theft.† Infinitives want equal standing, too. The original sentence implies that the would-be burglar might buy a locked mailbox after hiding under the bushy tree. The addition of a parallel infinitive after the conjunction linking the two parts of a sentence arrests this infelicity: â€Å"It would be safer to keep our bushy tree trimmed so that no would-be burglar could hide under it and to buy a locked mailbox to help prevent identity theft.† 5. â€Å"Legislation is often to blame, not because legislators are bad people but often they act on partial or misleading information.† Two reasons, one invalid and the other valid, are supplied in this sentence. Set them up separately, each with its own because: â€Å"Legislation is often to blame, not because legislators are bad people but because they often act on partial or misleading information.† 6. â€Å"The location features stifling heat, bacteria, polluted seas, lice, and bad cuisine.† If you’re going to modify one or most nouns in a list, go all the way and precede each with a pertinent adjective: â€Å"The location features stifling heat, gut-wrenching bacteria, polluted seas, itchy lice, and bad cuisine.† 7. â€Å"The afflictions are believed to include autism and learning and hyperactivity disorders.† Is learning a stand-alone item, or does disorders apply to it as well as to hyperactivity? You don’t know until you get to the end of the sentence, when it’s too late. The inclusion of a comma after autism prevents a stumble, and inserting â€Å"as well as† helps link the two remaining list items: â€Å"The afflictions are believed to include autism, as well as learning and hyperactivity disorders.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Body Parts as Tools of Measurement50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

Comparing Christian Fundamentalism And Hindu Fundamentalism Religion Essays

Comparing Christian Fundamentalism And Hindu Fundamentalism Religion Essays Comparing Christian Fundamentalism And Hindu Fundamentalism Religion Essay Comparing Christian Fundamentalism And Hindu Fundamentalism Religion Essay Introduction Originally, the term fundamentalism was non meant and understood the manner it is understood in the modern-day universe. Edward Farley recounts that it was ab initio used to depict a motion among conservative Protestant Christians in the United States who, in the first portion of the 20th century, smartly and publically defended scriptural inerrancy against historical unfavorable judgment and scriptural geology and cosmology against the theory of development. [ 1 ]Further, J. I. Packer is of the sentiment that Evangelicals [ US ] , who banded themselves together to support their religion against the liberalism [ rejection of the virgin birth and deity of Christ, infallacy of the Bible and others ] , were known as fundamentalists. However, British Evangelicals strongly rejected being called fundamentalists, reasoning that It is no disrepute to Christian work forces to be committed to the defence of the basicss. [ 2 ]All these definitions have now become things of the yesteryear . The original significance of the term fundamentalism was different, nevertheless it has now acquired a negative intension as it is frequently associated with the violent and destructive looks of the spiritual extremists in this modern-day universe. Therefore, fundamentalism is no longer used to depict conservative Protestant Christians or a peculiar faith and its disciples ; instead it is presently used to depict any stiff attitude that unleashes aggressive, violent, and destructive looks. It has become a codification word for narrow, bigoted, anti-intellectual, lacking learned civilization and anti-Semitic, [ 3 ]and a equivalent word for obscurantism. [ 4 ]Fundamentalism so is a phenomenon in the pluralistic universe we live in and it is a combined force of attitude and look with a spiritual influence: the attitude that stings and look that is violent and destructive in any signifier. Using this definition, this paper will compare the Hindu and the Christian fundamenta lism: history, root causes, some expressions/impacts, and divinity found among the disciples. Finally, the paper will be concluded with a missiological review and a final note. Points of Comparison Before come ining into a comparing of the two spiritual fundamentalism, I want to emphasize one time once more on the working definition of this paper by raising a inquiry, what is fundamentalism, and what is non? Fundamentalism harmonizing to me is neither a mere defence of one s ain religion nor retaining the basicss of one s religion. It is both the lava, and the eruption of that lava. The lava beneath the land erupts through the vent upseting the environing environment. This volcanic eruption is fundamentalism. In other words, fundamentalism in my sentiment is the negative attitude towards others, judging others by the criterions of one s ain spiritual dogmas climaxing in force and coercion. Therefore, in this paper as I discuss about Hindu and Christian fundamentalism, I shall non intend to state that all Christians or all Hindus are fundamentalists. The term fundamentalism is a modern term and traveling back every bit early as the fourth century speaking about fundamentalism contradicts Francis Glasson s sentiment that it is incorrect to state, Christian Church was fundamentalist until the rise of scriptural surveies of the past 100 yearsaˆÂ ¦ . [ 5 ]However, I shall show to you the presence of Christian fundamentalism back so on the footing of the working definition of this paper. Therefore, every bit far as Christian fundamentalism is concerned, I will take the freedom to research the Greco-Roman universe and America in footings of topographic point and the early portion of the first millenary boulder clay day of the month in footings of clip. However, in order to discourse on the Hindu fundamentalism, I shall restrict within the Indian context. Having this elucidation we shall now discourse the history of both the fundamentalism in brief. History Christian fundamentalism began in the United States after the war of 1914-18 based on rigorous attachment to traditional Orthodox tenetsaˆÂ ¦held to be cardinal to the Christian religion: opposed to liberalism and modernism. [ 6 ]It is said that by the 1940s and 1950s fundamentalism was divided into several cantonments: trusters who emphasized on Christian civilisation, people who held dispensation belief, and others.[ 7 ]On the other manus, Hindu fundamentalism had its beginning in 1870s through 1920s [ 8 ]yet which in my sentiment reached its tallness in the fortiess. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar the innovator of specifying and propagating Hindutva who wrote Hindutva with heavy mentions to the Hindu sacred books[ 9 ]and published in 1942 is responsible for the development and growing of Hindu fundamentalism. Since so Hindutva takes the Centre phase when Hindu fundamentalism is discussed. The procedure might hold been at that place, nevertheless both the Hindu and Christian fundamentalism in comparing reached the flood tide in the first half of the twentieth century which is still in continuance. We shall now discourse about the sources/roots of fundamentalism. Beginning or Root Fear of the emerging and environing forces and bitterness are the root causes of fundamentalism. As per the observation of the history mentioned above, the root causes of Christian fundamentalism were by and large the forces of liberalism and modernism that questioned the Christian dogmas. On the other manus, the root causes of Hindu fundamentalism are: ( 1 ) The past atrociousnesss unleashed by overzealous Muslims, ( 2 ) the rapid growing of the Muslim population [ around 45 crores ] in the Indian sub-continent, ( 3 ) ill will of the Muslims against idolaters/non-Muslims, ( 4 ) the intimacy of Islamic religion [ claim to be perfect ] ( 5 ) the rejection of all modern entities such as province, state, regulation of jurisprudence and citizenship, and ( 6 ) the strength of Muslim states [ more than 50 ] are some of the menaces that cause Hindu fundamentalism.[ 10 ]In the work of Arun Shourie s critic J. Kuruvachira, we see the general perceptual experience of the Hindus. The premis e is that all Christian educational establishments, societal services, infirmaries, assisting the hapless are come-ons to change over Indians.[ 11 ]As a consequence of this sort of premise, I believe that the fright and hatred develop in the head of the fundamentalists and therefore stirs them to take a step to contend against the menaces. In this connexion, fright of viing forces and choler [ due to incorrect premises sometimes ] are the root causes of both the Christian and Hindu fundamentalism. Whether we like it or non, spiritual fundamentalism has its footing in the Scriptures. Nithin Sridhar states that Christian fundamentalism is based on Genesis 12:1-3, in which Abraham is blessed so that through him and his posterities, all the peoples of the universe would be blessed and besides God s wish to idolize him in all the Earth which is expressed in the Bible.[ 12 ]Sridhar is true, for it is go oning, and likewise the Hindus base on Vedas to specify India s existent heritage, the Ramayana to discourse Hindu beliefs and patterns and to warrant an action like the physical destruction of a mosque-the Babri Masjid. [ 13 ]In this sense it is true to province that the Bibles are besides the root causes of fundamentalisms. Then how does fundamentalism is expressed? Expression and Impact Globally, everyplace, every state has become pluralistic in footings of races and faiths. Therefore, fundamentalism whether it is of Hindus or Christians has usually negative impacts upon the society for it frequently expresses itself in force: written, verbal and physical [ that hurt physical, religious, psychological, and emotional facets of the victims ] . For case, a statement like, a Hindu whose blood does non boil has H2O in his veinsaˆÂ ¦youth lived in vain [ 14 ]is an look of the negative attitude towards others and therefore it appeal to the persons who portions one s religion and political orientation to move against others who do non portion the same. Christian religion Today, May 2006 reported that a outstanding Hindu activist was eager to pay $ 26,000 for the archbishop s head on a home base [ 15 ]in Rajasthan. On January 1937 a Professor of Philosophy from Poland, krzenski, came to Gandhiji. Krzenski told Gandhiji that Catholicism was the lone true faith, [ 16 ]recounts Arun Shourie. Had Krzenski entered into direct claim without sing the sentiment of Gandhi, Krzenski s claim was decidedly aching to Gandhi. The looks cited above are from the Hindus and a Christian, and each look is violent and aching in its ain manner. Thoughtless words that are expressed are aching and more ironically it does non halt at that place , it leads towards struggle and force among the disciples of different religions/ideologies. Keeping this in head we shall now look at some of the communal public violences and inharmoniousness that occurred in our society. Vaibhav Purandare s history tells us that the Shiv Sena one of the most hawkish and controvisial political outfits of India [ 17 ]was responsible for the Bhiwandi, Jalgaon and Mahad coincident clang between the Hindus and the Muslims on the juncture of Shivaji Jayanti. The clang is said to hold begun around 7:00p.m. on 7th May 1970 and lasted till 11th May claiming more than 90 lives, 300 injured, 100 houses burned, 5,000 power looms damaged and at least 5,000 people homeless.[ 18 ]The force exerted upon the Christians minority of Orissa particularly in Kandhamal territory by the Hindu extremists is another illustration of fundamentalism. It is said that the force continued since December 24 ( 2007 ) till 2nd January ( 2008 ) killing 9 people, about 90 Churchs and 600 houses burned, and 1000s displaced.[ 19 ]In the similar manner, looking back every bit early as the fourth Century, fundamentalist nature of Christians ( though the term was non yet coined ) is found in the Greco-Roman universe, peculiarly during Augustine and Gregory the Great. David Bosch reflects that Christian attitude towards the people of other religions was really sarcastic. Non-believers were understood as lost heathens, hence transition to the Catholic Church was forced. Coercive steps were promoted, the provincials were burdened with rent, free work forces were jailed and slaves were disciplined by crushing and anguish[ 20 ]warranting the actions in the name of supplying the persons the chance to fly ageless damnationaˆÂ ¦for the non-believers good. [ 21 ]The devastations, violent deaths and anguish are the commonalty of both the Hindu and Christian fundamentalism. The Crusades which took topographic point during the ten percent, eleventh, and twelve centuries in the history of Christendom is another illustration of negative look. It is said that those wars were undertaken for presenting the Holy Land from the MahommedansaˆÂ ¦ [ 22 ]The premier concern of the Crusades was to be the cloaca of Christendom and run out all the strifes out of it. [ 23 ]This really statement is clear plenty that the campaigns which were under taken by Christians were really fundamentalist in nature. Therefore, the term campaign comes really close to the term Hindutva in its significance and influence. Today, Hindutva stands as a criterion to mensurate the cogency of being Hinduness and to repossess the Hindu apostates, merely as the campaigns stood as the cloaca of Christendom and to run out all the strifes out of it. So far we have discussed and compared the modern look of Hindu fundamentalism with the pre-modern Christian fundamentalism. Now, we shall turn to the modern look of Christian fundamentalism every bit good. George M. Marsden names some of the Christian fundamentalists who smartly campaigned against the forces that questioned the Christian religion. It is said that William Jennings Bryan, Billy Sunday, William B. Riley of Minneapolis, and Frank Norris of Texas laced their messages with political dictums, having nationalism and prohibition and assailing Marxism, socialism, theory of evolution and Catholicism. [ 24 ]It is besides said that by the name Eric Rudolph is responsible for bombing at the Olympics and the blast in Atlanta at abortion clinic. [ 25 ]The persons featured above are Christian fundamentalists in my sentiment, because they intertwined the political relations, societal, and the faith to contend against other forces which they saw as enemies of Christianity. This look r esembles the Hindu fundamentalists who exert force against the Christians minority in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh maintaining them under changeless menaces and ill will such as closing down churches or driving them from their places, one among the victims is Pastor Thanga Tryte who lost his place and his topographic point of worship in the month of May, 2010.[ 26 ]Truly fear, hatred, and force are the byproduct of Fundamentalism. How do the fundamentalists understand God? Theology Reading through the book, The Essence of Hinduism, the Vedas-revealed-scripture, which is considered as the most reliable [ 27 ]Bible of the Hindus does non hold any direct instruction about human to human and God to human relationship. The indispensable subjects of the Bible from the Old Testament to the New Testament such as love for neighbours, attention for the orphans, widows and humbleness before adult male and God are losing in the Vedas. The cardinal subject of the Vedas appears to me is the individual missive I [ adult male ] which is equated with God taking to the belief that every adult male is godly and the supreme cognition is Brahman [ God ] . [ 28 ]Therefore, the divinity of the Hindus is adult male centered which is in contrast to Christians divinity which is God centered, that human being is, but the maestro piece of His creative activity ( Gen. 1: 26-27 ) . Amartya Sen gives an history on the great heroic poem of Mahabharata, a war between two ground forcess, the Kauravas and the Pandavas. In this heroic poem, Arjuna the unbeatable warrior who belongs to the Pandavas, the royal household doubts the justification of war anticipating the effects. However, Khrishna the Godhead insists Arjuna to transport out his responsibility irrespective of the effects.[ 29 ]Thomas on the other manus provinces that Christian fundamentalists belief in the Christian triumphalism mandated in the Gospels leads to the apprehension that Christians are obliged to interpret this vision into political world through the ballot box and by act uponing the political docket of their authoritiess. [ 30 ]These two informations reveal to us that the divinity plays an of import function in determining the fundamentalists divinity. The apprehension of one s God shapes one s action and relation. On one manus, Hindus see Christians as enemies [ Kaurvas ] to be fought and disciplined, on the other manus Christians see Hindus as prisoners of wickedness who need release. We shall now come in into reflecting Christian mission in India. Missiological review Harmonizing to the U. S. Central for Mission study 2000, the per centum of Hindu population is 13.4 % and the Christian population covers 33 % of the universe s entire population.[ 31 ]The present per centum that is harmonizing to the 2000 record is said to hold decreased from 34 % of Christians harmonizing to the record of 1900.[ 32 ]Turning to the Indian context, it is said that more than 80 per centum of India s about one billion people are Hindus, while merely 2.5 per centum are Christians.[ 33 ]Sing the Christian per centum and the noise that our Christian missions make, we see the instability in between the two and that make us asked ourselves, why and what is the job? There must be something incorrect with the Christian missions! If there has been something incorrect, is it the common missions dockets that continue such as the doomed psyche, church planting, and the three self-formulas [ with good purpose ] ?[ 34 ]Or was it the failure to larn and go acquainted with the linguistic communication and civilization that led Christian missionaries to be identified by others as encroachers?[ 35 ]Is it because the innovator Missionaries had ventured out as civilization villains instead than civilization heroes?[ 36 ]Is it the noncritical attachment to the Church philosophies, its infliction on others[ 37 ]and portraying Christianity as spiritual imperialism?[ 38 ]These are the few inquiries among many that come into my head as I reflect on the phenomenon of fundamentalism. Now to reply these inquiries I would go forth the floor unfastened as I know of my restriction. However, let me to state that we all need today to look into our unity as we carry the load of sharing: the love of God by witnessing Jesus the love incarnated who lived, died and resurrected for the interest of the whole creative activity. While witnessing Jesus, it is of import to acknowledge that the way given by the Bible, and the fundamentalists way can be contradictory.[ 39 ]It is of import to acknowledge because we may be seen by the looker-ons as fundamentalists when we are non cognizant of it, and it is besides of import because God gives different way to follow at different point of clip, it was told, you shall love your neighbour [ Lev. 19: 18 ] , but now it is said, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you [ Matt. 5: 43-44 ] . Where there are faiths there are transition besides [ 40 ]hence, I suggest that peculiarly the construct of change overing the lost be avoided. However, we should concentrate on witnessing Christ through ways and agencies that do non pique our neighbours. It is impossible to close the Jesus of commiseration, mending, service, and human interestaˆÂ ¦.The higher moralit y of salvation does non annul moral consistence [ 41 ]for this ground I reflect on being mild and sober in our attack to witnessing Christ instead than violent attack of mission. May our look of religion be goaded by the love of God and understand that God does non seek to suppress instead He seeks to bless.[ 42 ]Mission certainly is to convey our joy and love for Jesus, non to bring down hate, force and agony. Decision As Jan A.B. Jongeneel introduces three constructs of missiology: the philosophical, the scientific and the theological, [ 43 ]as a pupil of missiology, I take these three constructs earnestly in my quest to understand the phenomenon of fundamentalism. Trying to come to my decision, fundamentalism as it is understood today consequences [ by and large ] due to miss of positive attitude towards life [ doctrine ] , failure to cipher effects ( Science ) and misunderstanding of God [ divinity ] . Therefore, our mission at this occasion should include: advancing the value of life, assisting people to be realistic and aware of cause and consequence, and advancing relevant and proper divinity. These three dimensions can be carried out through media, formal and insouciant interaction [ duologue ] and particularly through the spiritual and non spiritual establishments such as Churches, temples, mosques, schools or colleges, etc by prophesying and learning with unity of our bosom.

Use of Satellites by the US Military to Improve Battlefield Awareness Essay

Use of Satellites by the US Military to Improve Battlefield Awareness - Essay Example Evidences in support of this are the depth and range of research on this topic carried out by various scholars and interested parties. Their recent operations and raids have utilized space surveillance as a method of staying alert in the battle field. Technology and military theory, as well as the manner, in which it is applied during war and the impact of the aforementioned on the society, will be looked into keenly with the analysis of the works of various researchers on the topic. Another aspect will be that of information warfare. There are other researches on related topics, which support this view from different angles but with similar findings as will be realized subsequently. Revolution in military affairs has put technology in the right perspective when it comes to battlefield awareness. The US military as history has it, made heavy investments on military technology with space craft's as a priority1. Use of devices that collect data before putting up a plan of attack while at war takes center stage in the US military operation layout. The socioeconomic paradigm of each era in the US reflects on the investments made in ensuring victory over the wars. In so doing, poor return on technological investments scales escalate. Errors in judgments are associated with such technologies resulting to retarded economic progress. This may be referred to as information war that involves a lot of tact in locating targets and monitoring the movement of the opposite parties. Other theorists have made attempts to predict how information warfare has capabilities of providing dominant information awareness about the battle space. Manipulation and exploitation of the enemy electronic system or even destroying the enemy station comes as a preference in times of war. Aerial bombing falls as a strategy of intimidating the enemy. In order to apply it effectively, the US must survey the ground structure and set ups so as to locate the targets. Defenseless cities become devastated and terrify societies other than demoralizing the enemy. Air strikes are the most applied methods of attack; the US military air jet fighters have precise technological devices that take care of space view other than the satellites. The ability of any military to combat the enemies from advancing using cyberspace uses information technology. Information warfare has been the yardstick to cyberspace application in the warfare. A network of satellites acts as a bridge between ideas and action universally. This has enabled a god's eye view of the planet including all ongoing activities. A typical application of this is border incursion, which may be thwarted immediately advances are made. New technology changes the application used in the space warfare at a relatively fast rate2.Technological innovations increase the risk of vulnerability hence the Americans military to keep up their research and advancement in space satellite surveillance. This is not only applied during the war, but through the day to day activities in the military and space sc ience research fields. Peer competitors of the US on a face off proved it all with an attack on US space satellite system, GPS and other communication systems. What followed was a nuclear, electromagnetic burst within the space this destabilized more than 50 percent of the military infrastructure on information that the weapon systems rely. Innovations have brought about changes in the warfare with dramatic change of doctrines within the military. Revolution in the US military may be given a non conclusive definition.